Arteriovenous malformations
Spinal arteriovenous malformations
Spinal AVMs are very rare. They usually present to medical attention in adult life. They are a potentially treatable cause of myelopathy (any disease or disorder of the spinal cord). Myelopathies may cause any or all of the following symptoms:
Spinal AVMs usually involve the lower part of the spinal cord, called the thoracic cord which stretches from the neck to the small of the back.
Improvements in spinal cord imaging with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) have lead to quicker diagnosis. However, spinal AVMs are notoriously difficult to detect, and may require spinal catheter angiography (visualisation of the blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque substance) to be certain about the diagnosis.
Treatment of spinal AVMs is often difficult, and usually its objective is to limit further damage to the spinal cord, rather than alleviate the problems already caused. The two main forms of treatment are surgical excision and embolisation via a catheter in the groin. Embolisation is becoming the mainstay of treatment as technological advances in catheters and embolic glues are made.
Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations
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