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Hypospadias
How is it treated?
Surgical repair is always merited in the event of a misdirected urinary stream or of chordee and may also be advisable for cosmetic reasons in patients without these complications. Although many forms of hypospadias repair have been devised, in practice only about half a dozen are currently commonly performed, some in a single-stage and others as two-stage procedures.
As a rule, the repair is undertaken some time between twelve months and two years of age or after toilet-training, between three and four years of age. Although repair is usually successful, there is an appreciable (fifteen to thirty per cent) rate of complications requiring further surgery. Because the foreskin may be needed for the repair, the child should not be circumcised. After treatment, most boys will appear almost normal and should not have any long-term problems.
Occasionally, following several unsuccessful attempts at repair, there may be insufficient penile skin remaining to achieve a satisfactory result. Tissue grafts may be taken from other areas such as the lining of the mouth or the skin behind the ear and used to replace the deficient skin on the penis.
What are the causes?
| Inheritance patterns and prenatal diagnosis 
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