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Townes-Brocks syndrome
What are the symptoms?
Anal anomalies associated with TBS may include absence of a normal opening (imperforate anus) with a passage connecting the rectum to the vagina (rectovaginal fistula), abnormal placement of the anus and narrowing of the anal passage (anal stenosis). Typically, the ears of individuals with TBS may be large, or small, abnormally developed (dysplastic) ears, lop ear (over-folded ear helix) or have preauricular tags or pits (a rudimentary tag of ear tissue typically located just in front of the ear). Individuals may experience hearing loss (see entry, Deafness) due to structural anomalies in the inner ear (sensorineural deafness) or because of anomalies in the external or middle ear (conductive deafness). The thumbs may be underdeveloped (hypoplastic) or have the appearance more of a finger than a thumb. Webbed fingers (syndactyly) may occur, as well as fusion of the bones in the wrist.
A number of other features may also be associated TBS. These involve other systems in the body. The bones in the feet of some children may be fused with overlapping toes leading to mobility difficulties (see entry, Lower Limb Abnormalities). TBS may affect the kidney, and underdeveloped (hypoplastic) kidneys, multicystic kidneys, abnormal (dysplastic) kidneys and kidney failure have been reported (see entry, Kidney disease). Abnormalities associated with the heart may include tetralogy of fallot and ventricular septal defects (see entry, Heart Defects). Whilst severe heart and kidney problems may be life-threatening, many individuals with TBS have a normal life-span.
Learning difficulties have been reported in some children with TBS. For others, intelligence is within the normal range.
Background
| Inheritance patterns and prenatal diagnosis 
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